Ethics on Surrogate Mothers Essay

Sometimes couples who cannot conceive a baby by themselves choose to use a surrogate mother, where another woman carries their child. One way of surrogacy is when a woman who’s unable to carry a baby to term, but is otherwise fertile, has her embryos transplanted to the surrogate mother. The eggs might be fertilized by the biological father or by artificial insemination if the male has fertility issues. In other cases, a surrogate mother is in fact the biological mother of the child as her very own eggs are used to create the embryo. In certain states, such as Arkansas and Delaware, surrogacy is illegal. Even in states where surrogacy is allowed, it can be quite a complicated process for the non-biological mother to be named as the parent, particularly in cases when the surrogate is the biological mother. The surrogate must sign away her maternal rights so the intended mother can adopt the child. If the sperm of the adoptive mother’s husband was used to fertilize the egg, the biological father is named on the child’s birth certificate. Many states require a legal contract be drafted between the couple and the surrogate and her spouse or partner detailing all arrangements concerning the pregnancy and birth. The parties involved with a surrogacy contract should seek the advice of legal counsel to be sure that pertinent issues are addressed and that the contract is in compliance with state and local laws involving surrogacy and adoption. Sometimes a surrogate mother changes her mind and refuses to give up her child. However, in states where surrogacy is allowed, the biological mother usually doesn’t win custody or visitation rights. Typically, the surrogate and the parents sign an agreement to avoid this from happening. Nonetheless, there’s always the possibility that the surrogate mother might win her case. Many surrogacy agreements state what the surrogate can and cannot do while pregnant. But ultimately, the parents should trust the surrogate mom to do what’s in the best interests of the baby. Issues may develop whenever a surrogate breaches the agreement by smoking, abusing drugs or consuming} alcohol while pregnant. As with any pregnancy there’s always the possibility for medical or obstetrical troubles, which may hurt the baby or the surrogate mother. For starters, there’s the chance of transmission of contagious disease to the surrogate when another woman’s eggs are transplanted into the surrogate. Because of this, both biological parents should be prescreened. In case a surrogate develops problems in the beginning that put her life at an increased risk, she may want to end the pregnancy. Another issue that may arise is if health practitioners discover learn that the fetus has possible birth defects and other health concerns. In that situation, the parents may choose they cannot continue with the surrogacy. This generates all sorts of legal issues, especially when the sperm is from a donor or eggs other than the surrogate’s were used for pregnancy. The problem then becomes who gets to determine whether to proceed with the pregnancy. Even though some people see surrogacy as baby-selling and look down on a female who is a surrogate, in recent years surrogacy has become more of a recognized practice. However the ethical issue remains concerning whether a female who’s being paid for her surrogacy is exploiting infertile couples and entering the agreement for money. Others begin to see the infertile couple as exploiting the surrogate’s body and taking advantage of a female who needs money. Another issue, a couple that would adopt a child would be rigorously screened and be assessed to their suitability. This would not be the case with surrogacy. Some people who would be restricted from adopting could avoid this process by using a surrogate. One of the key issues is with regards to surrogacy is it is impossible to determine the risks involved in the surrogacy process. A surrogate needs to be informed of the potential risks to her health and the possible psychological trauma she can suffer. There should a moral requirement for all parties involved to consider the welfare of the child born into any agreement. However, surrogacy raises the debate of people’s â€Å"right† to have children. If we refuse the option of surrogacy, are we discriminating against the infertile? The first recorded case of surrogacy in the United States was in 1976. Noel Keane, a lawyer, arranged the first surrogacy agreement between a surrogate mother and the intended parents. This mother was not compensated financially. Afterwards, Keane went on to create the Infertility Center, which arranged hundreds of surrogacy agreements every year . However despite the numerous ethical issues at stake, statistics show that there has been an increase in the numbers of women who become surrogates. From 2004-2008 the number of infants born to gestational surrogates had doubled. The Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology reported from 738 infants born to over 1,400 from surrogate births. However, the amount of surrogacies annually is likely to be more, as many fertility centers don’t report to SART. Additionally, there are couples who enter private agreements with a surrogate where agencies aren’t involved. References Pacific Connection Fertility Services: Surrogacy Yale — New Haven Teachers Institute: Ethical Problems Surrounding Surrogate Motherhood Dr Rebecca Gibbs, North East Essex PCT, Surrogacy, January 2008. http://www.northeastessexpct.nhs.uk/public_29_01_2008/surrogacy-policy.pdf

Machiavelli – The Prince and Totalitarians

Another good example of this Marxist theory Is Joseph Stalin. Stalin used his military to rise to power. He killed countless people in order to come into authority and impose his beliefs on the state. Jewish virtual library explains, â€Å"Stalin consolidated his power base with the Great Purges against his political and ideological opponents, most notably the old cadres and the rank and file of the Bolshevik Party. † (Jewish Virtual Library, 1) Throughout the Great Purges Stalin imprisoned tortured and assassinated his enemies through his militaristic force.This Is a very clear display of Machiavellian theories because Machiavelli repeatedly states that military is the root of power and authority and he emphasizes that military should be used in order to rise to power. Another Machiavelli theory that justifies the actions of totalitarian rulers is the theory that it is more efficient to rule with cruelty and fear rather than love and fairness. Each of these totalitarian ruler s used this Ideology during their time as which is why people feared and respected him.BBC states, â€Å"Lenin demonstrated a hilling disregard for the sufferings of his fellow countrymen and mercilessly crushed any opposition. † (BBC, 1) This shows that Machiavellian theories did support Linen's actions because Machiavelli explains that it is better to for a â€Å"prince† to be feared rather than loved because love can come and go but the fear of pain is everlasting. Lenin proves this because he was feared and therefore people obeyed him. Another example of the use of cruelty is the cruel acts of Joseph Stalin.Stalin ruled with an iron fist and struck fear into peoples hearts. This fear is what drove hem to obey Stalin and conform to his will. Jewish Virtual Library states â€Å"It is believed that with the purges, forced famines, state terrorism, labor camps, and forced migrations, Stalin was responsible for the death of as many as 40 million people within the borde rs of the Soviet Union. † Jewish Virtual Library, 1) This follows Machiavellian theory because Stalin was excessively cruel to millions of people and was respected for a long period of time because of fear.Another theory that these totalitarians embody is the theory that a â€Å"prince† should ease their decisions on the well being of the state. For example: Karl Marx imposed his theory of communist-based Marxism on his state because he thought it was the best thing for the state. The Communist League explains â€Å"Marxist-Leninist accept the concept of social class put forward above, but hold that a person's social class is determined not by the amount of his wealth, but by the source of his income as determined by his relation to labor and to the means of production. (Marxism and Class, 1) Marx created this intricate system of classes in order to maintain order thin his state. Although it was not successful, Marx created this policy for the well being of the state, so that the state could flourish. This relates to Machiavellian theory because Marx did as Machiavelli advised. He had the well being of the state in mind throughout his time of ruling. Another ruler who followed Machiavellian theory on well being of the state was Vladimir Lenin. Lenin not only followed a Marxist trend in his state, but he also tried to improve his state's economy.BBC states, â€Å"He introduced the New Economic Policy, here a measure of private enterprise was again permitted, a policy that continued for several years after his death. † (BBC,I) Lenin introduced this policy in order to preserve the economy of his state. It lasted several years after his death, which means he was successful in doing so. Lenin laid out a structure for the state to thrive because he had the well being of the state in mind while making his decisions. This follows Machiavellian theory because Machiavelli said to make every decision based on the well being of the state.Although he w as cruel and used militaristic power, he was ultimately trying to better the state in his own way which is exactly what Machiavelli preaches. All in all, Karl Marx, Joseph Stalin, and Vladimir Lenin were embodiments of the theories Machiavelli introduced in â€Å"The Prince†. They ruled and based their states on militaristic power, they ruled their states through cruelty and pain over compassion and love, and kept the well being of the state in mind in every decision they made. Machiavellian theories Justified their actions in that they each very closely followed them.Karl Marx had a strong military and had the well being of the state in mind, throughout his time as ruler, and Vladimir Lenin had a strong military and also made sure to keep the well being of his state in mind. Although the states of these rulers were not very successful and resulted in the deaths of many people, they were supported by the Machiavellian theories. The lesson to be learned is that although their actions were supported by the Machiavellian theories, they caused severe damage and terror to the world and these theories should ultimately not be used in any type of modern government.

Court News Essay

Editorial Despite our report of the 30th November regarding her majesty’s speech to the House of Commons in which she stated she would act only for the good of her people, it has to be admitted that there is still an air of disquiet in the country regarding the future of the monarchy. The queen, although still in good health in body and mind, is now in her 68th year and the length of her reign is unprecedented. The future of a Protestant monarchy must be assured for the sake of the country, its stability and role in Europe. Around the World It is reported by our correspondent in Utrecht that a burgher of that city, one Oliver Van Noort, a former inn keeper, has recently completed a three year voyage in which he claims to have sailed completely around the world. His voyage, which he reported in a letter to the authorities in the Netherlands caused much excitement. Theatre News, by J. Q. Adams Mr William Shakespeare, author of such entertainments as ‘Julius Caesar’ which was well received, has this year come up with two new plays in contrast. The Merry Wives of Windsor’ is a light hearted comedy to lift the dullest spirits. It features that lovable rogue, Falstaff. , known of course from earlier works. This can be seen for the price of one penny every Monday and Tuesday at the Globe Theatre, Southwark. As this is such a popular play there will be extra boat men around to ferry passengers. For those of a more serious turn of mind the tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, the title role being played by Mr Richard Burbage and the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, will be performed on Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday. Fashion K. Emerson Spain continues to be a major influence upon English fashions. The work of Mistress Dinghen Vanderplasse with her knowledge of starching methods continues to be important, especially as ruffs remain in fashion, though they tend to be on smaller scale than on previous years. Silk, hand knitted, stockings were a popular present for many ladies this Christmas past, including her majesty, despite the cold weather. The majority though still prefer stockings of cloth or wool for both durability and warmth. The farthingale, so popular at court, as can be seen in her majesty’s recent portrait, has been estimated to have reached a width of 48 inches in some cases. Will this impractical garment continue to be fashionable in the new century? Recent Legislation by E. Cubberley The recently enacted, and much needed, Poor Law is already bringing changes in our society. It says much for the legislature that they have taken such care to ensure the care of unfortunates. Poor children will be properly apprenticed and trained in a trade as well as in their letters.. The richer member of society will fulfill their social obligations by providing supplies for the poorer folk in difficult times. No more should we have to report upon poor waifs being found starved to death in harsh weather s happened last winter when the harvest was so poor. And think of the benefit to the country of so many young people properly equipped for a trade This, together with the stopping of the monopolies which favored only a few, will benefit all of her majesty’s subjects.

The Ideal Person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Ideal Person - Essay Example An ideal person is truthful to others and is honest in his deeds. He never fails or gives up his efforts of self-cultivation. He gives little importance to earthly gains. In The Analects of Confucius, translated by Charles Muller, Confucius states that, â€Å"The Gentleman has nothing to compete for. But if he must compete, he does it in an archery match, wherein he ascends to his position, bowing in deference. Descending, he drinks the ritual cup. This is the competition of the Gentleman† (as cited in Muller, 2010, 3:7). So, we see that a true Confucius gentleman does not waste his time in planning for worldly gains like prizes, awards, and property; rather, he is a man of standards thinking high above the earthly possessions. He is a well-determined person and a good sport in himself. He places morals and virtues above everything else. He stays composed in hard times and is an inspiration for others around him. This makes him an important part of the society. This is the principle according to which an ideal person inculcates in him a sense of modesty and self-control. An ideal person is well-mannered and respects his elders. He acts honorably and is not self-centered. It is good for him to be ambitious but those ambitions should not be achieved through unjust means. Social etiquettes and mannerism matter a lot. According to this principle, a person should develop love for his family and then for the whole society. When parents love their children and vice versa, this strengthens the family bond and the whole society benefits in the

Evidence based case study on hyperosomar hyperglycaemia state patient Essay

Evidence based case study on hyperosomar hyperglycaemia state patient - Essay Example Hyperosomar hyperglycaemia state is a state whereby alteration of sensation may often be present without comma, and it may consist of moderate to variable degrees of clinical ketosis. Therefore, Emergency Department nurses should be keen when assessing for diabetes because older patients may in hyperosomar hyperglycaemia condition. This paper reflects the aspects of care that were provided to a patient, Mr. B, in the Accident and Emergency department, while applying triage, A-G assessment, ECG and fluid management competencies. Triage Triage involves the separation of a patient who requires prioritized care because of the severity his or her condition. This applies most in the Emergency Departments, where doctors and nurses have to determine who gets care first. According to the English Dictionary, the term triage refers to the process of determining the most important people or things from among a large number that requires attention (Oxford University Press, 2013). In medical use, triage is the assignment of degrees of urgency to wounds or illnesses to decide the order of treatment of a large number of patients or casualties. Since every day, Emergency Departments have to attend to a large number of patients who suffer from a wide range of problems, it is essential to have a system that ensures that these patients are seen in order of their clinical need, rather than in order of attendance. Triage manages a patient flow safely when clinical needs exceed capacity. It involves identification of the problem, determination of the alternatives and selection of the most appropriate alternative (Manchester Triage Group, 2008, p, 7). Identification of the problem involves obtaining information from the patients, their careers and any pre-hospital care personnel. (Manchester Triage Group, 2008). The Emergency Department acts as a transfer station through which the casualties should pass, as quickly as possible, on their way to surgery, intensive care, or a ward (Nutbe am & Boylan, 2013, p, 181). In this case, the patient was triaged by an experienced emergency nurse who has undergone specialist training. In the problem identification phase, information was collected from the patient’s son who provided past history of the patient. From the history, it was established that the patient experienced sudden onsets of lethargy, strange behaviour such as waking up at three in the morning to have a shower, reduced frequency in mitcuration and reduced drinking. When the patient was examined, it was found that the patient was alert, did not exhibit limb weakness, and was quiet, which is unusual. Besides, the patient was not clammy or sweaty. The vital signs awarded an early-warning score of 1, given that a tachycardia of 112 beats per minute was exhibited. Consequently, the patient was placed into priority category three, as per the Manchester Triage System. This required the patient to see the doctor within one hour. However, the patient was seen by a doctor, four hours after triage, which is against the requirements of priority three allocations, at triage. Furthermore, due to lack of trolleys and large volume of patients in the department, the patient was allocated on majors’ chairs instead of trolley. A-G Assessment A-G assessment is essential in facilitating the diagnosis and administration of severe and chronic primary health problems that are found in adult clients, especially the aging

How should one understand the classical structure of marriage, Essay

How should one understand the classical structure of marriage, divorce, and the main differences of marriage, divorce in the islamic schools like sunni and shi'a - Essay Example Marriage was very important and both partners were subjected to rules that would help keep the marriage peaceful. Marriage was very important and could not be dissolved easily. In most ancient societies, family members and those concerned would mediate on issues before initiating a divorce. In some cultures, the women had to get permission before divorcing. Some of the reasons for initiating a divorce in the classical times would be infidelity, political interests, and loss of wealth and lack of sex. Marriage had a strong and deep meaning. It involved families and not just the individuals getting into the union. Islamic schools like Sunni and Shi’a view marriage as a sacred institution that should be protected. Marriage was taken as a means to protect people from acts of indecency like adultery (Rapport, 30). Marriage is expected to provide protection, children, status and sexual satisfaction. In these laws, divorce would be initiated by the man or the woman. However, it is important to note that it is very difficult for a woman to be granted a divorce request. The couples would be given time to settle their differences before the divorce is finalized. Family members and relatives would be allowed to settle the matter before the divorce is finalized. It is essential to note the Shi’a are stricter on divorce than the Sunni. In some cases, the Sunni can allow a divorce without passing through the waiting period. This is not acceptable to the Shi’a. This implies that marriage holds a much stronger sacred meaning among the Shi’a. In conclusion, the understanding of marriage in Islam and classical times is similar in many ways. In both cases, marriage is a source of sexual satisfaction, protection and children. The importance of marriage is emphasized in Islam and in the classical cultures. In both cases, divorce is not easily granted except in civilized cultures like

The Business Environment Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Business Environment Assignment - Essay Example There is tremendous increase in the sales of fast food bars as compared to restaurants revealed by recent surveys. People are still very much interested in fast food. (Mintel Report-March 2004) Barry's Burger Bar (BBB) is a business in a busy university town in England. BBB operates in a very competitive environment. The market structure within which BBB operates dictates the pricing policies, advertising strategy and profitability potential. Barry has been considering changing his prices in order to increase his sales (total revenue). In this assignment we would determine the Business Strategy for BBB as consultants. Although Barry is quite free to make his own policies regarding marketing and pricing but he should have to consider the main factors that are influencing market. For this purpose he need to conduct a brief survey on his own or with the help of his associates to collect the data about his competitors and market forces. By collecting reliable data correct business strategy can be formulated. For this purpose analysis and scenarios Model can be employed (Lynch Richard Corporate Strategy 2003) Brief Analysis: BBB is situated in a busy area and its frequent customers are students and University staff. As it is understandable that purchasing power of students is comparatively low. As they have to finance their studies and their day to day expenses either with the support of parents or by doing low paid part time jobs. These conditions reduce the purchasing power of the students. So if Barry is planning increase the price then he may loose

The word 'God' and its meanings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The word 'God' and its meanings - Essay Example e inferred herein that since God can be perceived to bear the ultimate potential of creation and of knowledge in all, God’s might and intellectual capacity must be far beyond the measure which men could possibly hold in depths of thought or imagination. For Christians, this view of God corresponds to the unseen Creator and Father who neither has a beginning nor an end and who is widely known for His unconditional love for mankind despite the weak nature of the latter. As a full manifestation of this love, Christians believe that this same God established a ‘covenant’ with men in the ancient times through the prophets and carried out His plan of salvation at the expense of the death of Christ by crucifixion in order to save human souls from the perilous evil of committing sins, upon repentance. A Gnostic group called the Marcionites claim that â€Å"the Christian Gospel was wholly a Gospel of Love to the absolute exclusion of Law† (Gray, 2002) so that this leads to the notion that the God in whom Christians express their prayerful faith is even magnified as a loving God who is, above all, a merciful Redeemer and not a ruthless Punisher. On the other hand, the dictionary-based definition coincides with the manner â€Å"Allah† or the God of Islam is depicted as â€Å"the Almighty Creator and Sustainer of the universe† where, in the 112th chapter of Qur’an, the text reads â€Å"In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate† and includes that Allah is â€Å"the One God, the Everlasting Refuge, who has not begotten, nor has been begotten, and equal to Him is not anyone† (WAMY Series). Similar to the illustration of God via the Christian principle, the image of Allah prevails as God with abundant reserves of mercy and an unparalleled God of providence whose existence is considered infinite on both ends of time. Among the monotheistic systems of belief such as those adhered to by Muslims and Christians, the concept of God appears to converge on the

Argumentative eassy on current public issue Essay

Argumentative eassy on current public issue - Essay Example issues caused by high costs of health care, additional costs on employers, as well as the connection between high costs of health care and diminishing access for persons who require health services. Experts provide numerous explanations for the high and rising costs of health care. These include perspectives such as that the high costs emanate from external forces, the weakness of competitive health care markets in the health care system, excessive costs of health system administration, from undue market power of providers and the absence of robust cost-containment strategies (Keeler, Melnick and Zwanziger 73). However, it is apparent that the greatest basis of high and increasing health care prices is the lack of a free health care market system in the US. This paper will provide a comprehensive argument showing why such absence is the main cause of the current high cost in the US. Health care costs can be reduced significantly through the introduction of a free market. Within a free and competitive market, forces of supply and demand determine the price of commodities. This means that there are so many customers and suppliers that no single seller or buyer can dictate the price of a commodity or service, and all buyers are fully privy to adequate information to make sensible buying decisions. The health care sector consists of several markets that include patients getting physical and hospital services, employers selecting the best health care plans for their employees and health insurance organizations entering contracts with hospitals. At the level of patients seeking hospital services, free market means that patients would not only be responsible for certain costs, but will also have ample information on the prices of various providers and obtain low-priced services (Luft and Grumbach 78). At such a level, hospitals and physicians would have to lower their charges to attract customers (patients). In reality, however, patients do not buy hospita l and

Practice Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Practice Analysis - Essay Example ity complex to the protagonist of â€Å"I’m a Fool†, one may see that it demonstrates itself through the character’s constant lying and his looking down on other people of the same background. For example, he calls other people who are dressed well â€Å"common cattle† or â€Å"yaps†. Driven by inferiority complex, the protagonist inflates his identity by treating himself with drinking whiskey and smoking an expensive cigar in a hotel for the rich. This complex makes him push a man who wears a Windsor tie and walks with a cane. It is also the driver of his condemnation of educated people (he himself is uneducated). Besides, what he says seems to be always aimed at looking important, which is also is a clear sign of inferiority complex. To illustrate, Sometimes now I think that boys who are raised regular in houses, and never have a fine nigger like Burt for best friend, and go to high school and college, and never steal anything, or get drunk a little, or learn to swear from fellows who know how, or come walking up in front of a grand stand in their shirt sleeves and with dirty horsy pants on when the races are going on and the grand-stand is full of people all dressed up.† (Anderson 73). These views of the story’s protagonist can be described as displays of rationalization. Specifically, rationalization in psychology is known to be a defense mechanism with help of which an individual attempts to find an explanation despite the fact it may be illogical at all in order to take advantage for events that played against him. For example, the character starts rationalizing that he is superior to the man according to his own philosophy: â€Å"Things are as you think about them†. It means, in his view, people can be superior if they decide to be and other people can be inferior if only you think so. The most interesting example of rationalization is when over the years the protagonist looks back at what happened and tries to find an explanation why he lied.

What epistemological and practical factors should be considered when Essay

What epistemological and practical factors should be considered when planning a research project. My research project is (Perception of formal and informal care of aging (old) Saudi population) - Essay Example The objective of the research is to investigate the living trends of the aging population and how their care impacts the social arena in Saudi Arabia. The research would require qualitative explanations for them to be able to understand the issue in the social context. For this reason the research epistemology and practical aspects need to be organised. Epistemology refers to the researchers ontology on the existing reality and compares it with theories. Theories have been developed by earlier studies. The researchers epistemology may be different from others or may resemble. It is therefore important to determine the research epistemology which supports the research perspectives. In this research, the epistemology rest on the fact that changing social and economic conditions have given rise to the aging population in Saudi Arabia, which may be explained by empirical research and social theories. According to Bryman (2008) "a theory is an explanation for observed regularities" (p.6) which the researcher uses as stepping stones for his/her own epistemology. For research of the aging population and their perception on kind of care they receive, qualitative approach has been chosen because of social theoretical framework required to explain people’s perception. Research epistemology also largely depends on the underlying adopted methodology, methods, and techniques as well that the researcher chooses for objective evaluation (Love 2001). For this research an interpretivist approach has been chosen. An interpretivist approach is a methodology which involves inquiry of a specific sampling to formulate theories which are grounded to data. In this methodology interviews and focus groups are the preferred method for data collection (Dawson 2007). In this study, theory shall be generated by adopting the qualitative method for which subjective data shall

Business communication Essay Example for Free

Business communication Essay Student Name: ID: 1-:learning Outcome being assessed: 1. Choose the appropriate communication channel for a business communication event. 2. Present material in context and support claims with evidence, reasoning and professional quality. 3. Design and produce a message that is responsive and appropriate within a business context. 4. Produce clear and concise memos, letters, faxes and emails. 2-Handing in format instructions Sign this page and put it as a cover for your assignment Submit a copy of your work Work must be neat and readable. Use blue ink only (or pencil when permitted). Number all pages etc†¦ 3- Marks Problem/question Marks allotted Marks obtained Feedback to students Layout Formulation (ideas/ Content) English 3 5 2 Total 10 [Lecturer should give feedback to the student for all questions with awarded marks around 60%] Program Manager Approval: Course: Business Communication Semester: Fall 13/14 Code: GEM202 Lecturer: Handout date: 29/9/13 Due date: 10/10/13 Assignment # :1 Home Assignment Maximum Mark: 10 Choose one of the following Tasks TASK1: You work for X company (you decide what kind) as a (you decide what position). You want to take a course on (you decide what topic) and have the company cover the cost. Your supervisor is basically supportive but will need to get the OK from his boss. For this you will need to make the case persuasively and in writing. Write an email proposal to your supervisor requesting the company cover the cost of the course. Convince the decision maker that the course is worth the money. Try to tie to your current and future responsibilities and explain how the company will benefit. To ensure that your proposal has sufficient level of detail, you may want to do some research on the internet on courses and choose one that might be useful to your current job. TASK2: You have been using the e-Text book for certain courses offered by McGraw Hill/KUC over the last semester. Draft a letter to the KUC management expressing your opinion on introducing the new digital books as study materials for the students. Explain for which courses you have used the e-book. How beneficial was it? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the e-book and what are your recommendations for the future. Would you like to pursue its usages, would you prefer using a print copy rather than the digital copy, or do you have any other suggestion? Use persuasive suggestion? Use persuasive arguments to support your opinion. can you please help me doing any of these tasks?

Microbiota and Cancer Treatment

Microbiota and Cancer Treatment Chloe Duffy Abstract microflora in humans regulates numerous bodily processes and cellular functions metabolism, inflammation, immunity, and now has been found to play a role in cancer treatments efficacy, side effects, after effects. talk about the body of the paper. In conclusion, the gut and potentially oral, etc microbiota can be modulated to protect the body from effects of treatment, or even enhance the effectiveness of the treatment. Introduction The human body contains numerous microorganisms that inhabit many parts of the body such as the skin, oral mucosa, and gastrointestinal tracts, known as the human microbiota. These microorganisms aid in metabolism, local and systemic immune system responses, regulation of inflammation, nutrient absorption, and even prevention of infection and diseases. Some of the most common bacteria within the gut microbiome are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Verrumicrobia, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Cyanobacteria; other types of bacteria such as Actinomyces or Lactobacillus are also common in other areas of the body. All of these types of bacteria play a role in different processes that are beneficial to maintaining health. Although these microorganisms are commonly found in most individuals, each hosts microbiota is unique. Genetics, antibiotic use, diet, type of birth delivery, lifestyle, and incidence of disease can all contribute to the composition of gut mic robiota.12   Although this means that the gut microbiome is variable and certain conditions can result in dysbiosis, it is also beneficial to have the capabilities to modulate and control the gut microbiota in order to maintain healthy bodily functions and immune responses to infection. Recently, there have been studies establishing a relationship between microbiota and cancer treatment. Particularly the gut microbiota that influences metabolic functions and inflammation and adaptive immunity play a major role in the initiation, proliferation, and response to anticancer treatment.12 In the majority of studies, the microbiota have been shown to enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatments and prolong the anticancer immune response. One way this has been demonstrated is by the transfer of faecal microbiota from mice that respond well to cancer therapy into unresponsive germ-free mice, resulting in improved anticancer reactions to treatment. Research has also shown that predictions can be made based on the patients gut microbiome whether or not they will have an efficient reaction to the cancer treatment or if they will exhibit negative side effects from the method of therapy.8 In addition to using the microbiome to predict patient reactions to therapy, studies have shown that it is possible to modulate the gut microbiota in order to either prevent or treat adverse effects that usually coincide with different therapies.19 These new developments are crucial for the progression of cancer therapies, especially immunotherapies. Many patients still do not respond to anticancer treatments that others do and with this promising research new opportunities for personalized therapy become an option for these individuals. Immunotherapies and modifying the microbiota of patients can offer more tailored treatment plans that can provide more promising results. In addition, these new methods can enable a more aggressive treatment plan for certain types of cancer without the fear of negative side effects or lasting damage to healthy tissue. With modulation of the microbiota, these adverse effects can be prevented and treated, using the microorganisms to protect against injury. The composition of the human microbiota plays an integral role in regulating the efficacy of anticancer treatment and development of adverse effects. (Should I include that targeting the microbiota can improve the efficacy and reduce adverse ef fects? Human Microbiome and Cancer Treatments       There are many different categories of anticancer therapies, the three main types are chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy. However, there is interindividual variation in the gut microbiota that can determine whether the immune system is competent enough and if the patient will respond to therapy positively or negatively.19 The targeting of gut microbiota can improve the efficacy of all of these treatment plans. The figure below shows some of the processes that gut microbiota can regulate anticancer therapies. Figure 1 12 This figure is an overview of a selection of anticancer treatments that the gut microbiota can mediate or perhaps enhanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ add more descriptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is the use of drugs, usually cytotoxic, to treat cancer. These cytotoxic drugs are typically classified according to their mechanism of action, alkylating agents, heavy metals, cytotoxic antibiotics, and spindle poisons.12 These drugs cause significant damage to any rapidly dividing cells including healthy tissues, and can therefore have varying effects on individual patients. Gastrointestinal toxicity is a common adverse effect from anticancer drugs and can be so severe that the treatment has to be postponed or the dose is limited; this reduces the efficacy of the therapy. Targeting and modifying gut microbiota can be used to protect the intestinal epithelium and prevent the toxicity of these compounds. One mechanism of microbiota that can be exploited is its role in drug metabolism and microbial enzymatic degradation. An example of this is with the drug Irinotecan. Irinotecan is a chemotherapy drug that commonly causes severe gastrointestinal distress by increasing caecal Clostridium cluster XI and Enterobacteriaceae and cannot be used long term for treatment. SN-38, the drugs active metabolite is converted to glucuronide which is typically cleaved by bacterial beta-glucuronidases, commonly found in the Firmicutes phylum, for a carbon source; however, this releases the active SN-38 back into the intestinal lumen leading to diarrhea.19 In this study, however, it was discovered that the bacterial enzyme has a specific loop not present in the human enzyme; this is beneficial in developing drugs to target the bacterial enzyme specifically in order to prevent the adverse effects to continue anticancer treatment. Ciprofloxacin and amoxapine were two drugs that exhibited inhibition of the bacterial enzyme, suppressing the severe diarrhea.19 The microbiota enzymatic functions can also have a role in modifying the toxic profile of chemotherapy drugs. This can cause difficulty in creating custom chemotherapy treatment plans utilizing the modulation of microbiota because some of the bacteria can have multiple effects on different targets using the same enzyme. An example of this is the bacterium Mycoplasma hyorhinis, it contains a phosphorylase that can restrict the ability to inhibit cell growth and division by drugs containing pyrimidine nucleoside. Additionally, Mycoplasmas phosphorylase negates the efficacy of the drug gemcitabine. However, this same enzyme can improve the effectiveness of drugs containing the metabolite 5-fluoro-5-deoxyuridine.19 This proves the difficulty in modifying each patients gut microbiota to improve their chemotherapeutic efficacy. Although, it can be useful and can allow the treatment plans to continue without termination due to adverse e ffects, it will require much more research for each individual drugs reaction with gut microbiota enzymes. The gut microbiota can also indirectly affect the metabolism of chemo drugs through modifying gene expression and the physiology of the mucosal barrier in the intestines and liver. In one study, germ-free mice were compared with conventionally raised mice and mice given a probiotic. The germ-free mice exhibited altered gene expression to increase the rate of metabolism of many xenobiotics, whereas even after recolonization of the germ-free mice and administration of a probiotic, not all of the altered genes returned to normal gene expression.12 This raises the observation that not only does the differences in composition of microbiota and their enzyme function play a role in drug metabolism, the activity and lifestyle between individuals matters as well. Immunomodulation and affecting the tumor-microenvironment are two additional ways that the gut microbiota have been found to modulate chemotherapeutics. Cyclophosphamide is a drug that works through many different immunological pathways, stimulating the antitumor immune response.This drug alters the composition of the microbiota in the small intestine and induces the translocation of certain gram-positive bacteria into secondary lymphoid organs.16 Once the bacteria are translocated into the lymphoid organs, they can stimulate an immune response of T helper17 cells and memory TH1 cells. The translocation of the bacteria, typically Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus murinus, and Enterococcus hirae, takes place because cyclophosphamide causes discontinuity of the intestinal barrier allowing these microorganisms to relocate to the secondary lymphoid organs. A gram-negative bacteria, Barnesiella intestinhominis is also involved in this chemotherapy drug; it   was shown to incre ase the systemic levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and TH1 cell responses. This bacteria was also proven to activate IFNgamma-producing lymphocytes that are tumor-inflitrating.1 The role gut microbiota plays in the efficacy of cyclophosphamide treatment and immunomodulation was demonstrated by the use of germ-free mice and mice that were treated with antibiotics. The mice that were pre-conditioned with antibiotics proved to inhibit the anticancer effects of the chemotherapy drug and no reduction in the tumor size. Similarly, the germ-free mice had less pTH17 responses and their tumors were unchanged by cyclophosphamide. However, transfer of pTH17 cells restored the efficacy of the anticancer drug.1 These results show that the gut microbiota not only play a role enzymatically and through drug metabolism, but that the microbiome is used to activate the anticancer immune response. This is critical knowledge for the progression of immunomodulation with chemotherapeutics, and gives insight as to why not all patients may react the same to this type of treatment. However, modification of the gut microbiota can enhance the efficacy and response in the patients that typically do not show change in the tumor size. Gut microbiota can also affect the tumor microenvironment in correspondence (à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸is that the right word?) with chemotherapeutics. Oxaliplatin and cistplatin treatments cause tumor cytotoxicity by forming intra-strand platinum-DNA adducts that lead to DNA double stranded breaks; reactive oxygen species is also involved in the damage of DNA. Although these methods are effective for creating an antitumor environment, it also causes severe damage to intestinal mucosal cells which can cause septicemia and systemic infection.12, 10 In germ-free mice the drug oxaliplatin did not induce as great of an inflammation response and consequently the antitumor efficacy was reduced, showing that inflammation is important in the drugs antitumor response. The induced DNA damage within the tumor cells was also reduced, however oxaliplatin was still able to enter into the tumor to form fewer of the platinum-DNA adducts.16 Another effect the microbiota have on these chemo drug antitumor mechanis ms was shown in germ-free mice, the production of ROS was inhibited without gut microbiota. This was previously thought to come from the cancerous cells, however the microbes prevented ROS production through tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells via NADPH oxidase 2.12 This is important to note because this shows that oxaliplatin will not be effective without gut microbiota or depleted myeloid cells. Oxaliplatin also works by inducing immunogenic cancer cell death, this can be achieved by exposing the cell surface- associated immunostimulatory signals, activating antigen-presenting cells which create and antitumor response.With a combination of activation of TLR4, DAMPs from the dying cells, and NLRP3 inflammasome, these can mediate the adaptive T cell-mediated response against the treated tumors.10 When mice are depleted of their microbiota, these cytotoxic and immunogenic effects are decreased, along with the efficacy of tumor reduction. These results demonstrate that gut microbiota can play a role in the cytotoxic effects of DNA damage and inflammation, but also can affect the adaptive immune response to cancer. Gut microbiota has an influential role in the efficacy, toxicity, and outcome of chemotherapeutics. Radiation Therapy Radiotherapy can consist of cancer patients receiving ionizing radiation therapy (RTX) that is typically for localized cancers, or total body irradiation (TBI) that is usually used in preparation for bone marrow transplants or adoptive T cell transfer immunotherapy. These can be effective treatment routes, however, there is a bystander effect on nearby cells that can cause inflammation, immune reactivity, and genome instability.12 These effects do not necessarily occur directly from the DNA damage caused by radiation, these typically are a result from disruption of gap junctions, and release of ROS, NO, cytokines, exosomes, and DAMP stress signals. There are just now beginning to be more studies done about how exactly microbiota can regulate the hosts response to ionizing radiation therapy. It is difficult to study because the effects from radiation can cause a myriad of reactions within the body; some of these effects can be immunostimulating while others can be immunosuppressive. When a patient receives radiotherapy, the antitumor signals are not just contained to the localized area of the tumor; there are antitumor responses that occur that are immune mediated and activate antigen-presenting dendritic cells and T cells. Therefore, because microbiota have been shown to mediate and affect the immunogenic responses in chemotherapy and immunotherapy, it is reasonable to believe microbiota play a role in the immune system responses due to radiation. One of the major limitations to radiotherapy is the safety concern for the patient while balancing the antitumor effectiveness of receiving ionizing radiation therapy. Different cance r types will have different radiation sensitivities as well as the local and systemic toxicity and stress responses that have potential to cause significant injury or impair the antitumor immunity.12 Receiving ionizing radiation therapy is associated with damage to rapidly proliferating tissues such as epithelia, like the digestive tract mucosa, and bone marrow. These adverse effects can cause oral mucositis, diarrhea, and inflammation in the gut and can create gut microbial dysbiosis.12 A recent study investigated whether or not a faecal microbiota transplantation would protect against radiation-induced toxicity.They were able to come to the conclusion that faecal microbiota transplantation did in fact increase the survival rate of mice; in addition, the faecal microbiota transplant increased the peripheral white blood cell counts, maintained the intestinal epithelial integrity, and preserved the gut microbiota composition in mice that had been irradiated.7 Using the strategy of faecal microbiota transplantation could greatly improve the outlook for   radiotherapy patients, it can reduce injury to healthy tissues and improve patients prognosis after radiotherapy. The component that regulates irradiation-mediated intestinal toxicity is the TLR3 for double-stranded RNA. Knockout mice without Tlr3 are actually protected from TLR3-dependent cell death post radiotherapy, despite being sensitive to p53 dependent radiation-induced apoptosis. These knockout mice also survive longer and have less damaging effects on their intestines than wild-type mice. These results would suggest that blocking the TLR3 signaling could reduce the radiation-mediated gastrointestinal damage.12 In this study they also demonstrated that the DNA double stranded breaks, induced from radiation anticancer treatment, also activate a DNA receptor that is not present in melanoma 2 inflammasome; this would result in tissue damage and cell death. However, the bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, a probiotic, has demonstrated  protection of the intestinal mucosa from radiation therapy-induced toxicity. This probiotic does this by using a TLR2/MyD88 signaling mechanism to reposit ion cyclooxygenase 2- expressing cells from the villi to the base of the intestinal crypts which induces reactive oxygen series, leading to activation of the NRF2 system; this system is cycloprotective.6 Therefore probiotics have some capabilities to prevent radiation-induced enteropathy. The probiotic composition that studies have found to be most beneficial are Lactobacillus acidophilus, B. bifidum, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus spp.5 For clinical purposes, these probiotics can be used as a prophylactic strategy to limit the intestinal injury. All of these microorganisms have been proven to protect against gut toxicity from radiation anticancer treatments; this is greatly beneficial to the patients so they do not have to endure adverse effects, such as severe diarrhea, and can continue the treatments to increase their antitumor effectiveness. In contrast, some studies suggest that it is possible to predict whether or not a patient is going to have adverse effects to radiotherapy based off the presence of gut microbial dysbiosis or a well-balanced gut microbiome. They used pyrosequencing analysis of 16S rRNA gene to reveal the microbial diversity in the hosts gut microbiome. The individuals that had a significantly altered Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio before the radiation cancer treatment, later developed diarrhea as an adverse effect from treatment. These results indicated that gut microbial dysbiosis before radiation antitumor therapy can be utilized to predict if the patient will develop adverse effects from treatment such as diarrhea.18 This knowledge could guide treatment plans to be tailored for the individual and could allow for preventative treatment options. Total body irradiation is usually used as a preparatory process for another type of anticancer treatment such as a bone marrow transplantation or adoptive T cell transfer immunotherapy. Contrary, to the logic of many of the studies in this review, germ-free mice were shown to survive longer than conventionally raised mice after total body irradiation, and actually required a higher dosage of radiation to induce intestinal disease and mortality.7 The germ free mice were reported to have less apoptotic cells of the intestinal mucosa and even less lymphocyte infiltration than the mice with regular gut microbiota.7 They hypothesized that this could be due to the germ-free mice having no gut microorganisms that could trigger mucosal inflammation or create damage from the radiation insult. One mechanism they were able to identify that contributed to the germ-free mice resistance to total body irradiation was the production of angiopoietin-like 4. This is a protein inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase that is normally suppressed by normal gut microbiota in the conventionally raised mice.12 This angiopoietin-like 4 protein, when knocked out of germ-free mice, causes the mice to be susceptible to the same intestinal damage as conventionally raised mice that block angiopoietin-like 4 protein. Interestingly, the transcription of angiopoietin-like 4 gene is regulated in response to certain gut bacteria; however, these same bacteria that induce angiopoietin-like 4 expression include Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus spp. that also mediate the protection against the localized received ionizing radiation therapy.12 This can provide an explanation for although most studies have shown that mice treated with probiotics and have a healthy microbiome are resistant to radiotherapy toxicity, germ-free mice can provide some resistance as well. Although most of these studies focus on the gut microbiota, there are studies that reveal how the oral microbiota can effect prediction of enteropathy as well from radiotherapy for  nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Rather than diarrhea as an adverse effect from pelvic radiotherapy, oral and oropharyngeal mucositis are the most common side effects of radiation anticancer therapy for head and neck cancers.20 Similarly to using gut microbial dysbiosis to predict whether the patient would develop adverse effects from treatment, the same can be done with analyzing the oral microbial community and its correlation with radiation-induced mucositis. The results demonstrated that patients with a higher percentage of Actinobacillus exhibited severe mucositis later on after treatment.20 Their findings also showed, similarly, that they can predict future incidence of mucositis during radiotherapy based on the oral microbiota prior to treatment. This is significant because not only can this applicatio n be applied with gut microbiota, it can be applied with the oral microbial community and many others throughout the body corresponding to different types of cancer. Immunotherapy Immunotherapy approaches are currently a popular topic to study and these immunological therapies have shown great potential in long-lasting responses. The efficacy of this type of treatment, however, is limited more than radiation therapy or chemotherapy because of the vast difference in immune responses of individual patients and the susceptibility of different tumor types. However, with new information about the ability of gut microbiota to modulate the hosts response to immunotherapy, it is possible to further study the possibility of improving immunotherapy efficacy by targeting these microbiota. One of the first examples of gut microbiota maintaining the anticancer effect of immunotherapy, was the demonstration that the efficacy of adoptive transfer of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells following total body irradiation was reduced in mice treated with antibiotics.12 After the total body irradiation causes the translocation of microbiota into the secondary lymph nodes, the prolife ration of the transferred T cells in the tumor and their antitumor activity was enhanced. CpG- oligodeoxynucleotide intratumor therapy is an immunotherapy that uses the TLR9 agonist CpG- oligodeoxynucleotide to induce an antitumor effect. The antitumor effect is then increased when the immunosuppressive effect of IL-10 is prevented by using the IL-10 receptor antibodies. This method induces the secretion from myeloid cells of tumor necrosis factor and IL-12 that in turn cause hemorrhagic necrosis and can redirect tumor-infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells from and anti-inflammatory to a pro-inflammatory state.12 There is an antigen-specific T cell antitumor that is elicited within this pro-inflammatory environment which results in the clearance of tumors in conventionally raised mice.12 This is not the case in germ-free mice or mice that have been treated with antibiotics. In these mice the tumors treated with CpG-ODNs and anti-IL-10R progress and the immunotherapy is inefficient. Finally, if the mice have a low amount of microbes, the myeloid cells do not produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and the TNF-dependent hemorrhagic necrosis and antitumor immunity are not induced.12 In these tumors, of microbiota-depleted mice, the amount of infiltrating inflammatory monocytes before treatment were unchanged but the number of Ly6C+ major histocompatibility complex class II+ were reduced. This suggests that the differentiation of infiltrating inflammatory monocytes into macrophages and dendritic cells is impaired. After CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide treatment, there are major differences in the gene expression of TNF and IL-12 in tumor-infiltrating myeloid cell  subsets between microbe-depleted and conventionally raised mice.12 There is another reduction in the response to this treatment from TLR4 -deficient mice, however, treatment with the TLR4 agonist LPS to the microbe-depleted mice reinstitutes the responsiveness of the myeloid cells.12 The results from this study demonstrate that the gut microbiota primes the myeloid cells for sensitivity to TLR9. Another study using CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides showed that the CpG-ODNs correlates with the frequency of different genera in the faecal microbiome of mice at the time of treatment.12 Allistipes and Ruminococcus are positively correlated with TNF production, however, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus murinum, and Lactobacillus intestinalis are negatively correlated, meaning when one of the bacteria from the genera Lactobacillus were administered, there was an impairment of TNF production.12 This indicates that different types of bacterial species can have opposite effects; therefore, using antibiotics, prebiotics, or probiotics, can change the gut microbiota composition or frequency resulting in mediating the hosts response to immunotherapies. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors is a final immunotherapy method that has been greatly studied and researched. In the majority of patients, the antitumor immune response is suppressed but can be reactivated by the release of certain signal factors. The immune checkpoint inhibitors, which are antibodies against the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 and programmed cell death protein 1 or its ligand PD1 ligand, exhibit strong antitumor activity in animal models and even long lasting clinical efficacy in cancer patients.12 Although this is a promising therapy, there is always the concern of variation of response between patients and between different types of cancers. These checkpoint inhibitors can also induce adverse effects such as colitis and inflammation of the pituitary gland in response to the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibodies, and thyroid dysfunction and pneumonitis after the blockade of the PDL1-PDL1 interaction.14, 15 Two recent studies investigated the influence gut microbiota has on this type of immunotherapy, specifically how anticytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen blockade requires Bacteroides spp. and how Bifidobacterium spp. enhances the effectiveness of antiprogrammed cell death ligand 1 therapy.14, 15 In the first study, in mice and patients the T cell responses specific for B. thetaiotaomicron or B. fragilis correlated with the effectiveness of CTLA-4 blockade. This was confirmed because the tumors in the germ-free mice did not respond to the CTLA blockade, but when the mice were treated with B. fragilis, this defect was overcome.15 The second study compared melanoma growth in mice with particular commensal microbiota and then observed the differences in antitumor immunity. They then sequenced the 16S ribosomal RNA which identified Bifidobacterium as associated with the antitumor effects. The administration of Bifidobacterium improved the tumor control as much as the programmed cell death prot ein 1 ligand 1- specific antibody treatment, and combination treatment almost ceased tumor growth.14 The results from these studies demonstrate that the mechanism of how anti-PDL1 treatment improves the antitumor immune response does not have to include microbiota inflammation and immune activation, like what is induced by anti-CTLA4. Anti-CTLA4 may alter the composition of the gut microbiota that favors its own antitumor activity. Yet, the effectiveness of the anti-PDL1 therapy is aided in hosts with a pre-existing antitumor immune response if Bifidobacterium spp. are within the gut microbiota.12 Microbiota and Lasting Effects from Treatment After the use of cancer treatments, many times there can be lasting effects even into adulthood from childhood cancer therapies. This study demonstrated that restoring the microbial diversity in patients suffering from immune dysregulation, as a result from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, could reduce chronic inflammation and reduce development of late adverse effects.4 They observed that adult survivors of childhood ALL all had microbial dysbiosis or lack of microbial diversity. The composition of host microbiota is crucial to immune activation, for example T cell activation and increased levels of IL-6 and CRP. Therefore, they hypothesized that the microbial dysbiosis was related to the background chronic inflammation in adult survivors. Additional studies would have to be performed to determine causation, but this study creates the possibility that therapeutic interventions that restore microbial diversity to the ALL survivors could help to reduce the long-term negative ef fects. Further research would need to be done to determine the proper mechanism to restore healthy microbial diversity to humans.   Ã‚   Figure 2 1 References 1. Alexander JL, Wilson ID, Teare J, Marchesi JR, Nicholson JK, Kinross JM. Gut microbiota modulation of chemotherapy efficacy and toxicity. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology Hepatology. August 2017. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.20. paper 10 2.Bultman SJ. Emerging roles of the microbiome in cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2013;35(2):249-255. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgt392. paper 17 3. Champer M, Wong AM, Champer J, et al. The role of the vaginal microbiome in gynecological cancer: a review. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology. 2017. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14631. paper 9 4. Chua LL, Rajasuriar R, Azanan MS, et al. Reduced microbial diversity in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and microbial associations with increased immune activation. Microbiome. 2017;5(1). doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0250-1. paper 7 5. Ciorba MA, Riehl TE, Rao MS, et al. Lactobacillus probiotic protects intestinal epithelium from radiation injury in a TLR-2/cyclo-oxygenase-2-dependent manner. Gut. 2011;61(6):829-838. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300367. paper 24 6. Ciorba MA, Stenson WF. Probiotic Therapy in Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury and Repair. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2009;1165(1):190-194. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04029.x. paper 23 7. Cui M, Xiao H, Zhou L, et al. Faecal microbiota transplantation protects against radiation induced toxicity. EMBOpress. 2017. doi: 10.15252/emmm.201606932. paper 2 8. Dubin K, Callahan MK, Ren B, et al. Intestinal microbiome analyses identify melanoma patients at risk for checkpoint-blockade-induced colitis. Nature Communications. 2016;7:10391. doi:10.1038/ncomms10391. paper 5 9. Galloway-Pena JR, Jenq RR, Shelburne SA. Can Consideration of the Microbiome Improve Antimicrobial Utilization and Treatment Outcomes in the Oncology Patient? Clinical Cancer Research. 2017. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-3173. paper 8 10. Iida N, Dzutsev A, S

Sleep Deprivation And Academic Performance Physical Education Essay

Sleep Deprivation And Academic Performance Physical Education Essay The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep deprivation and academic performance. Specifically, this study examined the awareness of students on the importance of sleep, to determine the average amount of sleep a student get a night, to show the correlation between sleep deprivation and academic performance as well as to investigate the comparison on sleep deprivation between Arts and Sciences students. This study employed a quantitative research methodology involving the use of questionnaires. The result shows that majority who obtain higher CGPA were those who slept for less than 7 hours, but the students who obtained lower CGPA were also those who slept less. Hence, sleep deprivation is negatively correlated with academic performance among CFS IIUM in this study. Sleep is a crucial necessity in our life as it helps to restore energy, repair the body, lose weight and keeps us mentally and physically alert (Malana, 2011). It is also very important in improving memory and reducing stress. Judy Monroe Peterson (2010) defines sleep as a state which we become oblivious to the world around us. The need for sleep is just like how we need food and water. For most people, it is normal to spend one-third of their lives sleeping. In the Islamic perspective, sleep is the sign of the power and greatness of Allah SWT in creating a perfect system in humans life. Besides, Islam clearly emphasizes on the importance of sleep. There have been many times the Quran mentions about sleep and guidance on the good nature of sleep. In the Quran, Allah says, And it is He who has made the night for you as clothing and sleep [a means for] rest and has made the day a resurrection. (25:47) Sleep deprivation is defined as an overall deficiency in the necessary amount of sleeping hours that a person is supposed to have in a day. Average adults need seven to nine hours of sleep (Morganthaler, 2011). Sleeping for less than 6 hours a night has been shown to affect coordination, mental alertness and can even lead to irritability, mood disorders, weight gain, and hallucination (Ramiccio, 2011). Previous research have shown that people who are sleep deprived perform worse on thinking and memory task than who are not suffering from sleep deprivation. If we do not get enough sleep, the memory of what we have learnt that day will possibly not remain for long. Nowadays, people tend to neglect the importance of sleep in life. Sleep deprivation is said to have been affecting millions of people around the world, especially college students. College students are more likely to suffer from sleep deprivation due to their hectic lifestyle. They often have to stay up past midnight to complete their assignments, projects and work on time. Some students even pull all-nighters as a means of learning to achieve higher grades. Research shows that students who often pull all-nighters and sleep deprived have slightly poorer academic performance than students who do not (Perkins, 2011). According to Lowry, Dean, and Manders (2010), a students GPA does have a relationship with the amount of sleep a student receives per night. In their findings, the students who slept more a night tend to get higher grades than the students who did not. The results pertaining to sleep deprivation showed that sleep quantity, and not sleep quality correlates with academic performance. Previous studies outlined by W. Kelly, K. Kelly and Clanton (2001) concluded that short sleepers would report lower GPAs than long sleepers. The lack amount of sleep the short sleepers experienced affect their academic achievement as a result of a decreased ability to focus on education-related activity. Trockel, Barnes and Egget (2000) supported that sleep habit accounts for some of the variance in first year college students GPA. Ahmed et al. (2012) also suggested that poorer academic performance is shown to be associated with a late bedtime on weekdays and weekends. Their study showed that from 410 students surveyed, 28% had excellent performance and 72% had average performance. The excellent group had an earlier bedtime every day in contrast to the average group which had a higher percentage of students who felt sleepy during class. With these propositions, it can be concluded that certain sleep habits are significantly related with academic performance. Hamza et al. (2012) in their research concerning sleep disorder also discovered that among medical students the ESS score indicated that 36.6% of participants were considered having abnormal sleep habits. Normal ESS scores (p=0.019) and the academic grades >3.75 was related with sleeping between 6-10 hours per day. The results demonstrated that abnormal ESS scores were associated with lower academic performance (p=0.002). However, contrary to other studies, a research by Mehrunissa and Anam (2011) argued that sleep did not seem to have any effect on the academic achievement. Their study showed that students who slept for less than 7 hours obtained good grades (A, B) but the majority who failed were also those who slept less. Furthermore, 63.5% of the participants still thought that sleep did not affect their academic performance. Hence, it is concluded in their studies that sleep deprivation did not correlate with students academic performance. Hence, this present research is conducted to study the relationship between sleep deprivation and academic performance among CFS IIUM students. It is presumed that students who are sleep deprived have lower GPAs than students who sleep well. The research questions to be investigated in this study are as follows: Do students consider sleep as important? What is the average amount of sleep the students get a night? How does sleep deprivation correlate with the GPA of the students? Who are more sleep deprived, arts or sciences students? Methodology Introduction This section discusses the methodology of the research. The main purpose of this research is to study the relationship between sleep deprivation and academic performance among Centre for Foundation Studies IIUM students. Surveys were administered to college students of Centre for Foundation Studies IIUM with 6000 students population to assess their sleep patterns and behaviour which correlates with their academic achievement. Data for the research were collected through distribution of questionnaires and surveys online. Instruments The use of quantitative research methodology is employed in this study which is the questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 6 questions divided into 2 sections which comprises of demographic information and questions concerning sleep assessment. All are close-ended questions. Question 1, 2 and 3 consist of multiple choice questions while Question 4 consists of Yes/No question. Question 5 and 6 are Likert scale type of question and students are required to answer all questions. Respondents The respondents of the study were the students from Arts and Sciences programmes at CFS IIUM. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed manually and via online surveys. Of these numbers, 16 are Arts students while 34 are Sciences students. Procedure The questionnaires were distributed randomly to all CFS IIUM students at various places such as classrooms and hostels. The surveys were also conducted online. Data Analysis For data analysis, data were entered into the computer and tabulated. The tabulated data were then presented in the form of bar graph, column graph and pie chart by using the spreadsheet software which is Microsoft Office Excel. Data were analyzed from the graph to describe the data as it was easier and more readable. Findings and Discussion This section discusses the results of the research on the relationship between sleep deprivation and academic performance among CFS IIUM students. The findings will be divided into important topics found from a survey received from 50 students of CFS IIUM. The Awareness on The Importance of Sleep Figure 1: The Importance of Sleep Among Students Figure 1 shows how each student rated the importance of sleep. Referring to the graph, it is found that majority of CFS IIUM students were aware that sleep is very important which comprises 58% of them and almost 40% of students said that sleep is important while only 4% believe that sleep is not important. Majority of the students of CFS IIUM were aware with the importance of sleep regardless of what courses they are in. The results were anticipated as the respondents were all students and they probably had known many facts about sleep from various reading material such as magazines and books. Besides, there were handful of students with computers and internet that made it easier for them to search about this issue. To sum it up, the students awareness on the importance of sleep generally yields a satisfactory result. Number of Hours of Sleep Figure 2: Hours of Sleep per Night Figure 2 shows the average hours of sleep students get per night. Based on the figure, the results clearly show that most of the students sleep for 4 to 6 hours per night. Least students are to have been sleeping for only 1 to 3 hours and 10 to 12 hours per night. In addition, less of the students sleep for 7 to 9 hours per night. Contrary to the previous finding, even though most of the students were aware of the importance of sleep, many of them slept for only 4 to 6 hours per night. This was maybe due to more time spent on studying and students were more likely to stay up past midnight working on tutorials and assignments. Briefly said, most of the students are sleep deprived as average adults need seven to nine hours of sleep to be considered as having a good sleep habit (Morganthaler, 2011). Sleep Behaviour Figure 3: Having a hard time falling asleep at night Figure 3 demonstrates the percentage of students who have a hard time falling asleep at night on a scale of one to six, six being very true and one being not at all true. Majority said that having a hard time falling sleep at night is not true (30%) while only 8% said that it is very true. A possible explanation for this might be that most of the students were not suffering from sleep disorders. This was because having a hard time falling asleep at night indicates disturbance in sleep quality but not sleep quantity. Thus, it was probably the students, although sleep deprived, were still having good quality of sleep. Figure 4: Getting sleepy in class Figure 4 shows the percentage of students who get sleepy in class on a scale of one to six, six being very true and one being not at all true. From the figure, we can see that thirty-four percent of students said that they are neutral in getting sleepy in class and only eight percent said it is true. As what had been discussed previously, getting sleepy in class was also one of the effect of poor sleep quality. Majority said that they are neutral which means the chance to get sleepy is equal. This result shows that the act of getting sleepy is negatively correlated with less quantity of sleep. It might be due to that even most of the students slept for only 4 to 6 hours and considered as sleep deprived, their chance of dozing in class is lower indicating better sleep quality. Figure 5: Pulling all-nighters studying In general, Figure 5 reveals the percentage of students who pull all-nighters on a scale of one to six, six being very true and one being not at all true. Majority of the students chose to be neutral and none of them stated that it was very true to pull all-nighters studying. Pulling all-nighters brought the meaning of when you stay up  all  night through to the next morning with no sleep, for example, studying or working to meet a deadline. The students might be pulling all-nighters infrequently. The possible factors that might lead them to pull all-nighters were studying for upcoming quizzes and examinations and also working on assignments. Figure 6: Having a consistent sleep schedule Figure 6 demonstrates the percentage of students have a consistent sleep schedule on a scale of one to six, six being very true and one being not at all true. Majority of the students stated that it is not true to have a consistent sleep schedule. These findings suggest that the students were not having a consistent sleep schedule due to their busy daily routine. They spent most of their time studying, therefore they tend to have irregular sleep and wake times. The Correlation Between Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance Figure 7: The Relationship Between Sleep Deprivation and Academic Performance Figure 7 shows the relationship between sleep deprivation and academic performance. Most of the students who obtain CGPA 3.0 to 3.9 and 4.0 slept for 4 to 6 hours per night. The number of hours of sleep for students who achieve CGPA 2.0 to 2.9 are also 4 to 6 hours. This part will present the correlation between sleep deprivation and academic performance among CFS IIUM students by assessing their CGPA. It is hypothesized at the beginning of this study that students who are sleep deprived has lower CGPA than students who sleep well. What is very significant here is, even though, the students were sleep deprived, they still managed to obtain good results and higher CGPA. But, the students who achieve lower CGPA were also those who suffer from sleep deprivation. In other words, sleep deprivation may and may not affect students academic performance. It is probably other factors that may give impact on students academic achievement other than sleep deprivation such as learning style and level of intelligence. This result of this study seemed to confirm the findings of a study by Mehrunissa and Anam (2011) which also suggested that sleep did not seem to have any effect on the academic achievement. This finding however contradicts another past research finding. Previous research suggested that sleep deprivation has a positive relationship with poorer academic performance. The results pertaining to sleep deprivation showed that sleep quantity, and not sleep quality correlates with academic performance (Lowry, Dean Manders, 2010). Sleep Deprivation Between Arts and Sciences Students Score Number of Students 1 6 10 7 8 7 9 15 30 16 > 3 Table 1: Score of Epworth Sleepiness Scale Table 1 shows that majority of the students obtain the score of 9 to 15 which comprises 30 of them. Scoring 9 to 15 indicates that the subjects are sleepy and should seek medical help. Only 3 obtain 16 or more which showed that they were dangerously sleepy. 10 students score 1 to 6 which means they get enough sleep and not sleep deprived. Furthermore, 7 students obtain 7 to 8 which is the average score indicating also adequate sleep. From Table 1, the students were classified according to their programmes, Arts or Sciences. Figure 11: Comparison of Sleep Deprivation Between Arts and Sciences Students Figure 11 demonstrates the comparison of sleep deprivation between Arts and Sciences students. Based on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale scoring on a scale of zero to three, three being high chance of dozing and zero being no chance of dozing, it is found that Arts students were more sleep deprived than Sciences students. 75% of Arts students suffered from sleep deprivation and only 62% of Sciences students were sleep deprived. This result may be explained by the analysis of Epworth Sleepiness Scale previously which is used to measure level of daytime sleepiness. The questionnaire asked the subject to rate his or her probability of falling asleep on a scale of increasing probability from 0 to 3 for eight different situations that most people engage in during their daily lives, though not necessarily every day. A score of 10 or more is considered sleepy. A score of 16 or more is very sleepy. If you score 10 or more on this test, you should consider whether you are obtaining adequate sleep, need to improve your sleep hygiene or need to see a sleep specialist. Conclusion This research investigated the relationship between sleep deprivation and academic performance. Primary data were collected by randomly distributing questionnaires to 50 students. The following conclusions can be drawn from the study. To begin with, this study has shown that majority of the students knew the importance of sleep in their life. Nevertheless, most of the students in CFS IIUM in this study sleep for only 4 to 6 hours and may be considered as sleep deprived. The occurring of sleep deprivation might be due to their hectic lifestyle. In addition, the students in this study seemed to have quite a good sleep habit and behaviour. The results pertaining sleep behaviour showed that most of the students have a good sleep quality even they were lacking sleep quantity. The main gist of this study is the correlation between sleep deprivation and academic performance. This study showed that majority who obtain higher CGPA were those who slept for less than 7 hours, but the students who obtained lower CGPA were also those who slept less. Thus, the results of this study support the idea that sleep deprivation are not significantly related to academic performance among CFS IIUM students in this study. Undeniably, there are limitations in this study. One of the limitations is that this research was conducted only to 50 respondents of CFS IIUM students. The sample size may also have been insufficient to assess the topic under study. Moreover, the questionnaires were also distributed randomly causing uneven number of Arts and Sciences students. The results may differ when compared to other institutions.

I Have Learned to Accept My Mistakes Essay -- essays research papers

I Have Learned to Accept My Mistakes The influences that have shaped my identity are my parents, who always taught me right from wrong. Who were always there for me even though I may have disappointed them at one or more times in my life. Although, I had to quit college after only attending one semester because I got pregnant my parents were still there to guide me and support my decisions. I am a good thinker because I have grown to be honest with myself I have learned to accept my mistakes and learn from them. On the other hand, I am also like the poor thinker because I do judge people on what they wear, their attitudes, or their way of thinking. But as we all know from experience, we can’t help it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I once believed that lying was the only way out of hurting another person but after lying on many occasions not to get caught got me nowhere. I would lie on numerous times to my boyfriend that when the relationship got serious and committed he couldn’t help but throw my past lies in my face, especially during an argument. So after 2 years I have learned to always be honest regardless of the outcome. And so far it has worked to my favor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I try not to always believe rumors I hear. Most of the time the rumors that I hear are not true, they are a minor lie that turned into a good believable story. But then again when a good rumor is heard I can’t help but to listen to it. I find it very ...

Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay -- Drama Shak

Conflict in William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet Conflict meaning 'a state of opposition or a fight or struggle' is used in all good dramas, old and new. It makes the drama interesting. Conflict is mostly used by dramatists and script writers to make audiences interested in the drama, tense and wonder what will happen next. The play 'Romeo and Juliet' has to have a conflict because; it is one of the main themes in the play. The disagreements and fight between the two family, that is Capulet and he Montague, their children Romeo and Juliet who truly were in love with each other end up dying. So, after this incident, the quarrels stop between the two families. The whole play starts because of the mutual hostility and conflict between the Capulet and the Montague and ends with tragedy of two lovers. The abundant swordplay throughout the play affects the theme of conflict used in ?Romeo and Juliet?. In this play, there are spontaneous actions of the characters rather than their thoughts. There are many types of conflicts to be appeared in this play such as family conflicts society conflicts and generation conflicts. When lady Capulet wants Juliet to marry Paris but Juliet wants to marry Romeo, appears to be a conflict between them. There is also conflict in the two families and their general relationship with their children. A prologue is the beginning of a play, books or film that introduces. It gives a warning or indication of the events of the play. The idea of conflict occurs in the prologue where it talks about the two houses of Verona have had a long- standing grudge which will lead to a new conflict, love and death of the lovers. It tells us about how violently the two families fight with each other and ends up doing. It also mentions that the next two hours of the play will be full of conflicts. Many different kinds of language are used in the prologue. Some words that are used in the prologue to express the idea of conflict are ?fight? ?unfortunate death?, ?star-cross lovers? ?fated love? etc. the words that are used in the play makes the audiences feel as if they are also part of the play and feel involved in it. Words like ?star crossed lovers? and ?fated love? are used and the audience know what is going to happen. They feel really tensed to what will happen next to the ancient grudge when two unlucky childre... ...ne 5, the conflict that occurs is mainly within the family where it consists of a parent-child conflict. It is different from act1 scene 1 because the conflict used there were to do with the two different families where in this act, the conflict is to do within the two houses and is private. There is a different kind of violence used in this act where there is no blood or swords. Instead words are used. In this scene, lady Capulet tells Juliet of her meaning with Paris, Juliet?s replies to her mother are filled with double meaning. For example she says.? Madam, I am not well.? By this, lady Capulet believes that this is because of grieving over her cousin, Tybalt. However in Juliet?s sense, she is trying to say that she just parted from her husband and her heart is full of sorrow. So there are double meanings in what Juliet says. So when Juliet hears of her weeding with Paris, she defies her mother and refuses to co-operate. So lady Capulet is furious and threatens her own daughter that if she doesn?t marry Paris then she has to leave the house. Not even her nurse is on her side. She feels shattered but continues to speak when her father, Lord Capulet arrives.

American Dream Summary

â€Å"The American Dream† There is not much left of the â€Å"American Dream†. Standard of living is declining and American parents believe that their children will inherit a very bad deal (564). Essentially, Herbert believes that Americans are in denial about how bad the economy really is. The government is not adding jobs to the economy nor are they funding public schools as they should. The government is steadily cutting back on hiring teachers and firing more to â€Å"save money†.Herbert considered research from the Pew Hispanic Center that after the Recession, which ended June 2009; the foreign workers gained 69,000 jobs while United States workers lost 1. 2 million jobs. According to Herbert, it is not that the United States should discriminate against the employment of foreign workers but they need to develop a full employment economy that provides jobs for all families to enjoy a decent standard of living (565). Herbert believes Americans should not put t heir faith into the government in order for them to live the â€Å"American Dream†.The dream will never be fulfilled (570). In â€Å"The American Dream is Over† Cal Thomas responds to Herbert’s â€Å"Hiding from Reality†. Thomas believes that Herbert did not assess who is the blame for the bad economy in America. That anyone who thinks dysfunctional government is going to help achieve their dreams is putting their faith in the wrong place (569). Although Thomas believes that the rules to achieve the American Dream can no longer be taught, he does believe that they can and will work (570). Thomas lists the rules that were known to previous generations.The rules are simple. You go to college, obtain at least an undergraduate degree, get a job/career, buy a home with a white picket fence, get married and have children, save money for your retirement and live a long prosperous life (570). The rules that Thomas noted and believes in can actually work, but ther e are some obstacles that can stand in the way of some Americans. For instance, all Americans are not able to afford college. Their parents were not able to and could not start a college fund for their children.Instead, in this bad economy, they had to choose to feed and cloth their children with not enough monies left for any type of savings, let alone for college. There are other instances where being the product of a bad environment can deter other Americans from living the â€Å"American Dream†. Some do not feel that they have the knowledge of the know how to go to college and get a job/career. They live off of their street knowledge and believe that is all they need. And being that the marriage rate in America is decreasing and the pregnancy rate in increasing, well you have a good idea about the getting married and white picket fence part.You also have other Americans that did not have any education at all. They had to go to work, with little or no education and for emp loyers that offer no benefit plan such as retirement benefits, so there goes bye to the retirement safety net. These obstacles, according to what Herbert might respond, might be overcome if the government added more jobs to the economy and provided more funding for education instead of the funding of useless wars. Herbert states the government needs â€Å"a resurrection of the American dream† (565).

Model United Nations Sample Policy Statement

military commission France Security Council The situation concerning Syria This show of France is deeply disturbed by the situation progressing in France. Revolt and protests have been progressing for over a year and have no bring end in sight. There is a standing death toll has exceeded 70, 000, and either day that the peoples needs are not met, this number rises. This is not an issue that result resolve itself. Without the assistance of the international company this substitute has little hope for an service in the situation.On the 19th day of the juvenile Homos shelling, a tragic event which has claimed the lives of hundreds of confine civilians, two western sandwich Journalist were killed killed Marie Calvin and duck Schlock. Marie was an American reporter working for the sunlight Times in London, and Remit a freelance photographer from France. Their satellite phones where track and targeted using highly sophisticated equipment. In chairwoman no-accounts assault on this city, he is showing no regard for the lives of ostracize Journalists nor his confess people.Syrians own political sympathies is cleanup position its civilians. No government whose enemy is its own citizens can continue without problems. This delegate feels that at this point the country of Syria has lost its sovereignty. If President Sad continues these ruthless actions then international action needs to take come out in order to end this chaos. introductory of all, the protection of Journalists needs to be enforced if Syria is to gain back any acceptance. The rights and base hit of Journalists should be standardized internationally.If the killing of western Journalists does not stop then the government of Syria must be forced to let in protection to be given to them by UN peace enforcement officers or some different form of international protection. But this delegate has reached a point where it does not charge protection provided by Syrians own house servant law en forcement. Sads action of tearing Syria asunder from the inside, appears to be one of the largest factors fueling the ongoing conflict.In any resolution of a major(ip) issue, compromise is key, and the delegate of France feels that he may be speaking for everyone when he says that the hygienic being of president al Sad should not be the highest priority. France and hopefully with the backup man of the international community will drawing a resolution to assist Syria with there transitional period into successfulness after it has put an end to the conflict.. This delegate wishes to listen to the people solve this wishes to stick out peace Thank you

Capitol Lake

The taradiddle Of the lake goes all the way back to 1951 , when a close up was built, as well as a concrete passage on 5th Avenue. The initial design was every(prenominal)placely construct a man-make lake though a obturate with under weewee mudflats. The dam was finally constructed to help renew a part of develop Inlet shores that was in deterioration. Many years later in the year of 1997, a team of representatives was organise to study the problems of the lake. In 2009, an endorsement was made for the proximo of preserving the lake. One issue among Capitol Lake is the depositaryation that comes and reconciles to he bottom of the lake.Over 35,000 cubic yards a year of sediment travel into the lake a year This means now that the lake is 21 % smaller than it was when it was created. This small amount of piddle is turning the lake into a swamp. Since the capa city of water in the Capitol Lake is a lot smaller than it was before, the temperature in the lake is getting much higher. The shallow amniotic fluid cause the lake to heat up much quicker. These high temperatures support aquatic widows weeds to grow in abundance, and put worry on the fish and some other leatherneck life.Another problem among Capitol Lake is the water quality. Phosphorus and bacteria ar both found in the water, posing a negative ensnare to the lake. The high levels of phosphorus promote the strikeshoot of algae. Oxygen is similarly used up for marine life in the lake, by algae that putrefy. As well as fecal chloroform bacteria are found among the lake, that wash into the lake and fag be very harmful to health. Lastly, the lake has incursive species. Eurasiatic million weeds crowd the shoreline for primeval visualisets, reducing populations of autochthonic fish and other species.The New Zealand Mutandis is also another invasive species which is taking everyplace the habitat and inwrought snails which depend on food. As you can analyze Capitol Lake is very pollu ted and unhealthy. entirely there are solutions. The Descartes Estuary Restoration team (cervid) and the Capitol Lake Improvement & Protective tie beam (CLIP) realise both proposed suitable ideas to save the succeeding(a) of Capitol Lake. The first possibility by DEER would be to remove the dam, letting Capitol Lake and the Descartes River to assemble and create an estuary, like it was back in the sass.The benefits of an estuary are that it would return everything to a ingrained presence. An estuary would give the lake and opportunity to flush and purify. It would also result in the temperature of the water to drop, greatly reducing algae population. Removal of the dam would also result in a possibility of the invasive species not hold out as well as novel salmon would be able to rile the estuary. Water quality would improve, as bacteria would decrease. Lastly, it would show an increase in native wildlife and different recreation.Establishing the estuary would result in ove r 114 million dollars, and without sediment rearrangements. Further toll details and endowments are still universe inquired. The idea by CLIP would be to keep the lake as a lake, plainly to dredge and clean it as requisite this would tidy the lake without having to remove the dam. The benefits of retentivity the lake, would be hold the lake as one of the Jewels of Thornton County as well as a major(ip) part of the State Capitol Campus. The lake very much protects the downtown plain of capital of Washington by controlling floods.Opening the dam would result in unpleasant-smelling mudflats, as well as change the Marina and Boating Recreation. Keeping the lake as it is also would prevent an increase of sediment full point into the Bud Inlet. Culpa also believes that keeping the lake would prevent Nitrogen and Phosphorus from accessing the river. The also lake supports the local economy and local events much(prenominal) as Lake Fair, and is a key repair for tourism in the Olym pia area. Financially, this plan would cost about million dollars over a fifty year period. This includes generally dredging, renewal of habitat, and dredging.This project would be stipendiary from partnerships and state funding such as the City of Olympia, Marine and Yacht Club, and port wine of Olympia. So as you can see both suggestions, have their pros and cons. Based on these two main ideas have researched about, I believe that the Capitol Lake Improvement & Protection Association (CLIP) is the best plan for the future of Capitol Lake. The lake is real a major icon to Olympia and if an estuary were to open, the beauty and tourer attraction the lake delivers would greatly reduce.For example, if the dam were to be taken away, what would progress o Likelier and other large city events? Traditional events and activities by the lake might not even happen anymore if it becomes an estuary. still most importantly based off scientific evidence, removing the dam, would result in smelly tidal mudflats. Nobody wants a mephitis that give wander the air every time they go outside. As terra firma War II veteran who grew up in Olympia (who has experienced these mudflats), irradiation Seward, explains The Mudflats and any water in the area had a stench that Ill never forget.All this taint is what nearly killed off the Oysters. So as you can see the smell rattling isnt pleasing. Creating an estuary would also greatly increase the flow of sediment, and Nitrogen into Bud Inlet, which shouldnt be there. CLIPS proposal is half the price as well, and leave alone save a lot of money. So who wants an unbearable terrible stench that will fill up the atmosphere? why should the harmful chemicals be brought up to Bud Inlet and the Descartes River? Why should we risk the future of our economy and one of our main tourist attractions?